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As governments are increasingly asked to fund competitiveness, a simple question remains. How much is industry prepared to invest itself? While companies such as ASML, Philips and NXP invest heavily in research and development, the broader picture may be more complicated than political debates often suggest.
When people talk about cutting-edge technology, they often think of the giants that dominate software and AI — Google, Apple, Meta, Nvidia, OpenAI. But the foundations of global innovation increasingly rely on something far more complex, far more fragile and far harder to replicate: deep hardware ecosystems.
